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Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery (MIS) January, 2009 Minimally invasive spine surgery (MIS) was first performed in the 1980s, but has recently seen rapid advances. Technological advances have enabled spine surgeons to expand patient selection and treat an evolving array of spinal disorders, such as degenerative disc disease, herniated disc, fractures, tumors, infections, instability, and deformity. One potential downside of traditional, open lumbar (back) surgeries is the damage that occurs from the 5- to 6-inch incision. There are many potential sources for damage to normal tissue: the muscle dissection and retraction required to uncover the spine (which contributes to the formation of scar and fibrotic tissue), the need for blood vessel cauterization, and the necessity of bone removal. Disrupting natural spinal anatomy is necessary to facilitate decompression of pinched nerves and the placement of screws and devices to stabilize the spine. This may lead to lengthy hospital stays (up to five days or longer), prolonged pain and recovery periods, the need for postoperative narcotic use, significant operative blood loss, and risk of tissue infection. MIS was developed to treat disorders of the spine with less disruption to the muscles. This can result in quicker recovery, decrease operative blood loss, and speed patient return to normal function. In some MIS approaches, also called "keyhole surgeries," surgeons use a tiny endoscope with a camera on the end, which is inserted through a small incision in the skin. The camera provides surgeons with an inside view, enabling surgical access to the affected area of the spine. Not all patients are appropriate candidates for MIS procedures. It is important to keep in mind that there needs to be certainty that the same or better results can be achieved through MIS techniques as with the respective open procedure. As with all non-emergency spinal surgeries, the patient should undergo an appropriate period of conservative treatment, such as physical therapy, pain medication, or bracing, without showing improvement, before surgery is considered. The time period of this varies depending on the specific condition and procedure, but is generally six weeks to six months. The benefits of surgery should always be weighed carefully against its risks. Although a large percentage of patients report significant symptom and pain relief, there is no guarantee that surgery will help every individual. Many MIS procedures can be performed on an outpatient basis. In some cases, the surgeon may require a hospital stay, typically less than 24 hours to 2 days, depending on the procedure. Benefits The potential benefits of MIS include:
Surgery Risks As with any spinal surgical procedure, there are risks, including:
Conditions Treated using MIS Procedures
Glossary of Select Spine-Related Surgical Terms Bone spur: bony growth or rough edges of bone. Decompression: a surgical procedure performed to relieve pressure and alleviate pain caused by the impingement of bone and/or disc material on the spinal cord or nerves. Disc degeneration: degeneration or wearing out of a disc. A disc in the spine may deteriorate or wear out over time. A deteriorated disc may or may not cause pain. Discectomy: the surgical removal of part or all of an intervertebral disc, performed to relieve pressure on a nerve root or the spinal cord. Excision: removal by cutting away material, as in removing a disc. Facet: a posterior structure of a vertebra which articulates (joins) with a facet of an adjacent vertebra to form a facet joint that allows motion in the spinal column. Each vertebra has a right and left superior (upper) facet and a right and left inferior (lower) facet. Foramen: a normal occurring opening or passage in the vertebrae of the spine through which the spinal nerve roots travel. Foraminotomy: surgical opening or enlargement of the bony opening traversed by a nerve root as it leaves the spinal canal, to help increase space over a nerve canal. This surgery can be done alone or together with a laminotomy. Herniated disc: a condition, also known as a slipped or ruptured disc, in which the gelatinous core material of a disc bulges out of position and puts painful pressure on surrounding nerve roots. Intervertebral foramen: An opening between vertebrae through which nerves leave the spine and extend to other parts of the body. Also known as neural foramen. Kyphosis: a condition in which the upper back curves forward, sometimes leading to the appearance of a hump in the back. Kyphosis may result from years of poor posture, spine fractures associated with osteoporosis, trauma, or developmental problems. Lamina: the flattened or arched part of the vertebral arch, forming the roof of the spinal canal. Laminectomy: surgical removal of the rear part of a vertebra in order to gain access to the spinal cord or nerve roots, to remove tumors, to treat injuries to the spine, or to relieve pressure on a nerve root. Laminotomy: an opening made in a lamina, to relieve pressure on the nerve roots. Lordosis: Lordotic curves refer to the inward curve of the lumbar spine. In some patients, this may represent a spinal deformity, also called swayback, which occurs when the lower back curves inward more than normal. Pathologic or excessive lordosis may be caused by osteoporosis or spondylolisthesis. Obesity, congenital disorders, or overcompensation for kyphosis may contribute to this condition. Medial facetectomy: a procedure in which a part of the facet is removed to increase space in the spinal canal. Nerve roots: the initial portion of a spinal nerve; the nerve root is an extension of the central nervous system that begins at the spinal canal and ends in the extremities (fingers, toes). Its purpose is to send sensory information from the extremity to the brain, and a motor commands from the brain to the extremity. Pedicle: the bony part of each side of the neural arch of a vertebra that connects the lamina (back part) with the vertebral body (front part). Percutaneous: effected, occurring, or performed through the skin. Pseudoarthrosis: the movement of a bone at the location of a fracture or a fusion resulting from inadequate healing of the fracture or failure of the fusion to mature properly. This can also result from a developmental failure. Scoliosis: lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine. Spinal stenosis: abnormal narrowing of the vertebral column that may result in pressure on the spinal cord, spinal sac, or nerve roots arising from the spinal cord. Spinous process: a slender projection of bone from the back of a vertebra to which muscles and ligaments are attached. Spondylitis: inflammation of vertebrae. Spondylolisthesis: the forward displacement of one vertebra on another. Spondylosis: degenerative bone changes in the spine, most commonly affecting the vertebral joints. Device Technology Endoscope: a thin, fiber optic tube with a light and lens, used to examine the interior of the patient’s body; provides minimally invasive access for diagnostic and surgical procedures. Currently only a small number of spinal surgeries can be performed utilizing an endoscopic approach. Fluoroscope: an imaging device that uses x-rays to view internal body structures on a screen, intraoperatively. Laparoscope: an instrument which enables visualization of specific structures within the body. A small surgical incision is made through which the laparoscope is fed. An array of tubes can be guided through the same incision or other small incisions, permitting the use of probes and other instruments. Minimally invasive tubular retractor (MITR): muscle-splitting technology first introduced in 1995 in conjunction with microendoscopic discectomy. The tubular retractor is used to create a tunnel down to the spinal column, and measures 1.6 cm in diameter (about ¾ of an inch). The actual skin incision is a little larger, but is generally about 2.5 cm in length. A "muscle splitting" approach is employed, in which the tubular retractor is passed through a tunnel in the muscles of the back, rather than stripping the muscles away from the spine, as is done in open procedures. This approach limits damage to the muscles around the spine and decreases blood loss during surgery. Portals: devices that provide a passage through which the surgeon operates. After the incision is made, dilators are used to reach the area of the spine that the surgeon is working on. Fluoroscopy is used to locate the right level at time of surgery. During the procedure, instruments are used to continue the dissection through the portal. When the portal is removed, all the tissue falls back into place. In order to avoid damaging the tissue by moving instruments in and out of the passage, the portal or tubular retractor is placed into the incision to hold the tissue apart and left in place throughout the procedure. There are open and sealed portals. The portals used in the thoracic spine are usually 11 to 12 mm, while portals used in the abdominal cavity tend to be larger. All of the instruments and implants must be designed to fit through these small passages and perform surgical functions once they reach the site. Creating the Operating Space In the thoracic spine, the lung is deflated to provide operating space. The anesthesiologist places a special breathing tube down the trachea into the large airway of each lung. The patient is under general anesthesia and breathing with only one lung, which is considered very safe and a common practice. This allows the opposite lung to deflate and falls out of the way of the spine. The portals are placed and the spinal procedure is begun. Spinal Fusion Spinal fusion is an operation that creates a solid union between two or more vertebrae. This procedure may assist in strengthening and stabilizing the spine and may thereby help to alleviate severe and chronic back pain. The best clinical results are generally achieved in single-level fusion, although fusion at two levels may be performed in properly selected patients. Almost all of the surgical treatment options for fusing the spine involve placement of a bone graft between the vertebrae. Bone grafts may be taken from the hip or from another bone in the same patient (autograft) or from a bone bank (allograft). Bone graft extenders and bone morphogenetic proteins (hormones that cause bone to grow inside the body) can also be used to reduce or eliminate the need for bone grafts. Fusion may or may not involve use of supplemental hardware (instrumentation) such as plates, screws, and cages. This fusing of the bone graft with the bones of the spine will provide a permanent union between those bones. Once that occurs, the hardware is no longer needed, but most patients prefer to leave the hardware in place rather than go through another surgery to remove it. Fusion can sometimes be performed via smaller incisions through MIS techniques. The use of advanced fluoroscopy and endoscopy has improved the accuracy of incisions and hardware placement, minimizing tissue trauma while enabling an MIS approach. MIS Fusion Procedures
Minimally Invasive Lateral Interbody Fusion eXtreme Lateral Interbody Fusion (XLIF) These are MIS procedures performed in patients with spinal instability caused by degenerative discs and/or facet joints that cause unnatural motion and pain, loss of height of the disc space between the vertebrae that causes pinching of the spinal nerves exiting the spinal canal, slippage of one vertebra over another, and/or changes in the normal curvature of the spine. The primary difference in these approaches is the area of the body through which the spine is accessed. To access the anterior spine and disc space, a 5-cm incision is made on the patient's side, usually with a second 2.5-cm incision just behind the first one. Special retractors are utilized, in addition to fluoroscopy, which provides intraoperative x-ray images of the spine. A tubular retractor or portal is passed and positioned along the lateral aspect of the vertebral bodies being operated upon. Monitoring equipment is used to determine the placement of the instruments in relationship to the spinal nerves. Disc material is removed from the spine and replaced with a bone graft, along with structural support from a cage made of bone, titanium, carbon-fiber, or a polymer. This provides extra stability and helps the bone heal. Sometimes, surgeons will position small screws in the spine posteriorly through an additional procedure. This procedure is limited to one or two levels, and only vertebra that can be clearly accessed from the side of the body can be operated on. This procedure typically takes about 1 to 1 ½ hours to perform. Outcome Because this is a fairly new procedure, there is very little long-term outcome data available. In general, there is very little blood loss with this procedure. Many patients are ambulatory within a few hours and discharged from the hospital the next day. Patients are often back to work within a few weeks. Minimally Invasive Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion (PLIF) This is a MIS technique that is performed in patients with refractory mechanical low back and radicular pain associated with spondylolisthesis, degenerative disc disease, and recurrent disc herniation. The procedure is performed from the back (posterior) with the patient on his or her stomach. Using x-ray guidance, two 2.5-cm incisions are made on either side of the lower back. The muscles are gradually dilated and tubular retractors inserted to allow access to the affected area of the lumbar spine. The lamina is removed to allow visualization of the nerve roots. The disc material is removed from the spine and replaced with a bone graft and structural support from a cage made of bone, titanium, carbon-fiber, or a polymer, followed by rod and screw placement. The tubular retractors are removed, allowing the dilated muscles to come back together, and the incisions are closed. This procedure typically takes about 3 to 3 ½ hours to perform. Outcome In a study of 31 patients who underwent the MIS PLIF surgery, there was less blood loss, tissue trauma and operative time, quick recovery and bony fusion. In two patients, the pedicle screws were not ideally positioned, but there was no nerve root irritation or fixation failure and thus no revision was required. The overall short-term outcomes were excellent. Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion (TLIF) Also known as mini-open TLIF, this is a MIS technique that is performed in patients with refractory mechanical low back and radicular pain associated with spondylolisthesis, degenerative disc disease, and recurrent disc herniation. The TLIF approach may also have potential in patients with low back pain caused by postlaminectomy instability, spinal trauma, or for treating pseudoarthrosis. This procedure is contraindicated in patients who have a conjoined nerve root within the foramen, a very rare occurrence, but one that may present during surgery. The procedure is performed from the back (posterior) with the patient on his or her stomach. The major difference in the TLIF approach is that the operation is performed unilaterally, and the bone graft is inserted into the disc space through the side. Using x-ray guidance, a 2- to 4-cm incision is made approximately 4 to 5 cm lateral to the midline. The muscles are gradually dilated and a tubular retractor inserted to allow access to the affected area of the lumbar spine. The lamina is removed to allow visualization of the nerve roots, and the facet joints may be trimmed or removed to allow more room for the nerve roots. The disc material is removed from the spine and replaced with a bone graft and structural support from a cage made of bone, titanium, carbon-fiber, or a polymer, followed by rod and screw placement. Surgeons may position small screws on the other side of the spine through a percutaneous technique to provide additional stability. The tubular retractor is removed, allowing the dilated muscles to come back together, and the incision is closed. This procedure typically takes about 2 ½ hours to perform. Outcome A comparison study of 20 patients who underwent endoscopic-assisted MIS TLIF with a group of patients who underwent the open PLIF procedure for single-level degenerative disease yielded the following results. In the TLIF group, there was less intraoperative blood loss, a shorter hospital stay, and postoperative narcotic use significantly decreased. In a larger study of 49 patients (45 with both low back pain and radicular pain in the legs), and the remaining four with low back pain, there were very promising results. Eleven of the patients had previous surgeries at the same levels of the spine. Post surgery, all 45 patients with both back and leg pain reported improvement in their symptoms. The four patients with low back pain also reported a decrease in pain. At 18 months post surgery, all the patients had solid, successful fusions. The patients appeared to have less postoperative pain than with the open TLIF procedure, with narcotic pain relief medications discontinued 2-4 weeks postoperatively. Minimally Invasive Posterior Thoracic Fusion Thoracic spinal fusion may be indicated for the surgical treatment of a wide range of conditions, including trauma, deformity, tumor, and infection. Conventional open surgical procedures for treatment of thoracic spine disease can be associated with significant approach-related morbidity. Recent advances in technology have led to the development of posterior MIS approaches for thoracic fusion. In a posterior thoracic fusion, the surgical approach to the spine is from the back through a midline incision. Special retractors are utilized, in addition to fluoroscopy, which provides intraoperative x-ray images of the spine. Monitoring equipment is used to determine the placement of the instruments in relationship to the spinal nerves. At present, thoracic MIS techniques are primarily used for stabilizing traumatic injuries, although some surgeons may use these techniques for treatment of tumors, infections, or degenerative disc disease. These procedures typically take about 3 to 3 ½ hours to perform, although with more complex spinal disorders, longer procedures may be necessary. Outcome A large study of 104 spine trauma patients who underwent MIS transmuscular pedicle screw fixation of the thoracic and lumbar spine yielded the following results. Overall, 87 percent of screws were judged to be good, 10 percent were judged to be acceptable, and 3 percent were judged to be unacceptable. Immediate surgical revision, which was always performed through MIS techniques, was necessary in nine patients for pedicle screw repositioning and in two patients for incomplete tightening of anchor bolts. In the entire patient group, two patients with an unacceptable screw position had new radicular pain that resolved completely after screw repositioning, and two patients had delayed wound healing. No patients experienced new neurological deficits. MIS Decompression and Fracture Treatment Procedures
Microdiscectomy Microdiscectomy, also called microlumbar discectomy (MLD), is a very common MIS decompression procedure performed in patients with a symptomatic lumbar herniated disc. The operation consists of removing the portion of the intervertebral disc that is herniated and compressing a spinal nerve root. The procedure is performed from the back (posterior) with the patient on his or her stomach. A 1- to 2-cm longitudinal incision is made in the midline of the lower back, directly over the area of the herniated disc. Special retractors and an operating microscope are used to visualize the region of the spine, with minimal or no cutting of the adjacent muscles and soft tissues. After the retractor is in place, an x-ray is used to confirm that the appropriate disc is identified. A small amount of bone of the superior lamina may be removed first to expose the disc herniation. The nerve root and neurologic structures are protected and carefully retracted so that the herniated disc can be removed. Surrounding areas are checked to ensure that no additional disc fragments are remaining. This procedure typically takes about 1 hour to perform. Outcome Numerous research studies published in medical journals show that 90-96 percent of patients have good or excellent results from microdiscectomy surgery. Most patients experience a rapid decrease in pain and return to normal function. Microendoscopic Laminectomy Microendoscopic laminectomy, also called microlaminectomy, is a MIS decompression procedure performed in patients with symptomatic, painful lumbar spinal stenosis. The operation consists of removing the large, arthritic bone spurs that are compressing the spinal nerves. The procedure is performed from the back (posterior) with the patient on his or her stomach. A 2- to 3-cm longitudinal incision is made in the midline of the lower back, directly over the area of the spinal stenosis. Special retractors and an operating microscope are used to visualize the region of the spine, with minimal or no cutting of the adjacent muscles and soft tissues. After the retractor is in place, an x-ray is used to confirm that the appropriate spinal level is identified. The surgeon will remove all or part of the lamina and may also perform a foraminotomy, where bone overlying the affected nerve is removed with a small drill. The nerve root and neurologic structures are protected and carefully retracted so that the bone spurs can be removed. Surrounding areas are checked to ensure that no additional bone or disc fragments are remaining. This procedure typically takes about 1 to 1 ½ hours to perform. Outcome Numerous research studies published in medical journals show that 86-95 percent of patients have good or excellent results from microendoscopic laminectomy surgery. Most patients experience a rapid decrease in pain and return to normal function. Minimally Invasive Cervical Foraminotomy This is a MIS decompression procedure that enlarges the space in which a spinal nerve root exits the cervical spinal canal (intervertebral foramen). This narrowing can be caused by a herniated disc, bone spurs, thickened ligaments or joints, which may result in painful pinched nerves. The procedure is performed from the back (posterior) with the patient on his or her stomach. A 1- to 2-cm incision is made on the symptomatic side of the neck. Using an operating microscope and x-ray guidance, the muscles are gradually dilated and a tubular retractor inserted to allow access to the cervical spine. Bone or disc material and/or thickened ligaments are then removed to decompress and relieve pressure on the spinal cord and/or nerves. The tubular retractor is removed, allowing the dilated muscles to come back together, and the incision is closed. This procedure typically takes about 2 hours to perform. Outcome A multicenter retrospective chart review of 73 patients who had MICF showed the following results within a 40-month follow-up period:
Minimally Invasive X-STOP® IPD Procedure This is a MIS procedure performed in patients with symptomatic, painful lumbar spinal stenosis. An implant, called the X-STOP® IPD Implant is placed between two bones called spinous processes in the back of the spine. The goal is to help keep the space between the spinous processes open, thus alleviating the painful pinched nerves that can result from lumbar spinal stenosis. The device can be implanted at one or two levels of the lumbar spine. This procedure is performed while the patient is on his or her side so that the spine is in a bent position during insertion of the implant. Utilizing x-ray guidance, the implant is inserted through a small incision in the skin of the back. Once the implant is in place, the incision is closed. This procedure typically takes about 45 minutes to 1 ½ hours to perform. Patients with the following criteria may be suitable candidates for this procedure:
Patients with any of the following criteria are NOT suitable candidates for this procedure:
Outcome The X-STOP® IPD®System was tested in a controlled two-year research study on 100 patients in nine hospitals across the United States. Outcome was compared to 91 patients who were treated through conservative, nonsurgical methods. Clinical results beyond two years post surgery were not measured.
Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty Vertebroplasty for the treatment of vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) was introduced in the United States in the early 1990s. The procedure is usually done on an outpatient basis, although some patients stay in the hospital overnight. The procedure may be performed with a local anesthetic and intravenous sedation or general anesthesia. Using x-ray guidance, a small needle containing specially formulated acrylic bone cement is injected into the collapsed vertebra. The cement hardens within minutes, strengthening and stabilizing the fractured vertebra. Most experts believe that pain relief is achieved through mechanical support and stability provided by the bone cement. Vertebroplasty typically takes about 1 to 2 hours to perform, depending on the number of vertebrae being treated. A newer procedure, called kyphoplasty, involves an added procedure performed before the cement is injected into the vertebra. First, two small incisions are made and a probe is placed into the vertebral space where the fracture is located. The bone is drilled and one balloon (called a bone tamp) is inserted on each side. The two balloons are then inflated with contrast medium (which are visualized using image guidance x-rays) until they expand to the desired height and removed. The spaces created by the balloons are then filled with the cement. Kyphoplasty has the added benefit of restoring height to the spine. Outcome Complication rates for vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty have been estimated at less than 2 percent for osteoporotic VCFs and up to 10 percent for malignant tumor-related VCFs.
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